The Kingdom of France and so regain over France the sole monarchy of Charlemagne. They were masters of their own immediate subjects by the middle of the twelfth_cent-ury, chiefly owing to the vigorous and warlike rule of Louis VI. In the course of the next hundred and fifty years they vindicated their authority over the whole kingdom. Part of the vassal territories they took for their own, dispossessing the original rulers. Part remained under their native princes, who were no longer able, as formerly, to defy the King's pretensions and treat with him from an equal or better footing. He became their superior in strength as well as in title; his royal prerogative, which long had lain asleep and almost forgotten, was revived and enforced; and when they opposed him it was rather in the character of overgrown subjects than of independent sovereigns. The period of expansion spreads through three successive reigns; not that it absolutely began, as it did not end with them. But the...

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