The Enlightenment was a movement of intellectual change that penetrated every European country as well as North America during the eighteenth century. It aimed to emancipate human reason from prejudice, superstition, and the assertions of established religion. It sought then to apply rationality to the cause of political and social reform, above all to progress – itself a key Enlightenment notion. In this wide–ranging introduction, Ulrich Im Hof describes the origins and development of Enlightenment ideas, and traces their effects on European and American thought, politics and society. The author begins with an account of eighteenth–century European and American intellectual, political, and social life. He describes the universities, academies, salons, and reading societies from which the principal ideas of the Enlightenment emerged and he examines their diffusion, interaction, and influence. Enlightenment ideas provided a basis at once for democracy, enlightened despotism, and...

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