High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Guard cells are specialized cells located in the leaf epidermis of plants. Pairs of guard cells surround tiny stomatal airway pores (Figure 1). These tiny holes in the surface of leaves are necessary for gas exchange into and out of the plant; carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the plant allowing the carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis to occur. Oxygen (O2) exits the plant as a byproduct of photosynthesis. The opening and closing of the stomatal gas exchange holes is regulated by swelling and shrinking of the two surrounding guard cells (Figure 1). Due to the presence of the stomatal pores on plant leaf surfaces, water evaporates through the stomatal openings causing plants to lose water. Over 95% of water loss from plants can occur by evaporation (transpiration) through the stomatal pores. Therefore, it is important for plants to be able to balance the amount of CO2 being brought into the plant with the amount of water escaping as a result...

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